Minds I've Met

Over the last five decades, how we think about animals has undergone a seismic change. And with it, so too has how we think about ourselves, and our place in the animal kingdom.

For decades, scientists viewed animals as little more than automatons - creatures running on instinct, lacking in intelligence. It was, for Frans de Waal, a period of 'anthropodenial', in which scientists practiced a deliberate blindness to the human-like characteristics of other ani